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drawing Nostalgia

I started doing cartoons when I was about 11 or 12 years, and then I thought my future was drawing final. Squared because notebooks bought them I was faster and orderly draw cartoons, draw and kept for nights. I became well known for the characters in my comics for those school years, in Talcahuano.

One day in 1992 came Werlinger Nielsen, one of my classmates who shared the artistic taste (what will become of him?) To congratulate me for having published a cartoon in the children's supplement of the newspaper El Sur, La Ronda de los Sapos, coming out on Sundays. I looked at him with a surprised face and said outright that he had not brought anything to the newspaper. Shortly thereafter, the "Pilsen" arrived with a newspaper clipping. It was like a punch in the stomach: in fact it was a strip of three or four vignettes with characters clearly and suspiciously similar to my story and had not drawn me. I felt robbed.

Soon I made the appropriate inquiries and went to Santiago to do what he had to do: register the intellectual property of my characters in my name. I returned to the Bio-Bio, and substantial evidence of ownership in my hands, as it was not so much the paper stating that Law No. 17,336 I covered in cases of plagiarism, as if it was the sheer amount of comics that brought ended , and started to talk personally nothing more and nothing less than the Editor of Diario El Sur, which was then a Mr. called Marcelo Sandoval. Stunned, I was right in my deep feeling of having been stolen, he gave me the name of the plagiarist, that this was another partner in the same classroom was very quiet and had everything, and in return he invited me to publish in La Ronda de los Sapos my own drawings. Published comics, stories and even on occasion the cover drawing of the supplement. While both mono stopped publishing me because, according to Mr. Sandoval told me himself, the official artist would have been spent to bring (¿?).

I continued with my comics until 1995. Upon entering high school turned around in my style and I got into the human figure and illustration in graphic novels from 80 to 200 pages, as usual. By the way, greatly improved the technique of drawing, but my old characters fell almost into oblivion. Until now.

The above drawing I did a few days using only the very basic Windows Paint program. I'm quite older, but retain the enthusiasm, imagination and love for my work as a kid. I hope to have the time to get to scratch and get a good product.

Month After Wisdom Teeth Removal

The Mother Goddess, or the feminine aspect of divinity

During February and March 2007 had fortunate to visit and spend several days in the vicinity of Brno in Moravia, Czech Republic. This region is particularly important, among other things, the discovery in the twenties of last century the site of Dolní Věstonice [1], one of the oldest and best preserved prehistoric archaeological sites, dating from the Upper Paleolithic, between 29,000 and 25,000 BC were unearthed at the site many utensils and ceramic figurines depicting animals and humans, among which a special find. There was a figurine of a woman with characteristics of the Paleolithic female statuettes large breasts and hips exaggerated, highlighting feminine traits, of which the Venus of Willendorf is the best known example. Naturally, the figure is known as the Venus of Dolní Věstonice, and is the oldest of its type on record. The Paleolithic Venus have long been a subject of controversy regarding its purpose. "Charms? "Toys? "Idols?

In 2008, the sixtieth anniversary of the first publication of the most widely distributed book by Robert Graves (1895-1985), as was his essay "The White Goddess. Deeply influenced by the book The Golden Bough Scottish anthropologist Sir James Frazer (1854-1941), Graves stated that the relationship between the poet and source of inspiration, and originally his muse, is reminiscent of an alleged cult mother goddess, poetry being an invocation to that. This primitive and archetypal mother goddess had been present in the mind of man not as a primitive religion as itself a representation of the mystery of fertility, based on matriarchal societies. It has been branded as The White Goddess be no more than a speculative argument and no scientific basis, so this theory has been more or less neglected by the modern social sciences. However, the English poet's arguments deserve constant review by its forcefulness.

Auge and decay of the Mother Goddess

While it is difficult to verify the existence of a cult of femininity in the Paleolithic, there is plenty of archaeological evidence of their existence in the Neolithic (c. 7,000 to 4,000 BC) period which provides some insight about its possible origin. Over the hunter-gatherer societies to the emergence of agriculture and domestication of animals, fertility and concrete presence became important in the development of human symbolic thought. Proof of this is given by the countless remains of statues and ritual objects associated with a clear dominance of female figures dating from this period and have been found throughout the length and width worldwide.

Footprints of primordial mother goddess remained in the cultures of antiquity, but were losing ground product of the rise of the male figure as an engine of urban progress. We presume that the improvement of means of production, development of settlements which led to the first towns and work predominantly male trade as displaced women, the man would have removed his partner's leadership and agricultural work relegated to the care of children. Religious denominations shifted to cemeteries with male gods in the lead, although most of the classical civilizations had archaic goddesses whose attributes were eventually caught by other deities according to the order being established. So it was with the cult of Mut in Egypt of the third millennium BC, the goddess connected with water, creative mother of the world, over time their performance was assimilated to the goddess Hathor, and this then to that of Isis, as a member and a more complex pantheon of gods. This situation also occurred in Mesopotamia and Ishtar the goddess Tiamat. The fertility cult rituals often involved where sex was the central element.

The Rape of Europa

The triumph of order over the male and female livestock and agriculture can guess the structure Indo-European peoples of the Bronze Age, who once saved this momentous milestone formed a model of a patriarchal society, originally semi-nomadic and highly hierarchical. Georges Dumézil studied in depth the culture and Indo-European myths, stating that it was people with a strong class division, having an influential clerical stratum, a warrior caste with its own codes and rites of passage, and a class based on agriculture and domestic. A different reading of Greek myths seem to confirm this hypothesis, and that's how you wanted to see the abduction of Europa by Zeus in the form of a bull, or possession of the same animal bestial Princess made Pasiphae as a representation of the victory of life over the culture density matriarchal Cretan.

The extension of Indo-European groups in Europe have also meant a drastic change in the system of beliefs, with the consequent imposition of polytheistic religion and focused predominantly on the male aspect of nature, which has its counterpart in the fact that male hierarchy were the main actors in this new society. For example, Potnia Theron and Cybele ("Lady of the beasts") were the respective Minoan goddesses and Phrygian cult of prehistoric roots, spread throughout much of the eastern Mediterranean, and which aspects were replaced in largely by the latest goddess Artemis, who as a virgin did not include female sexual worship. The same happened with the decline of the cult of Demeter [2] ("Mother Goddess"), which probably dated to the Neolithic. Demeter was the goddess of agriculture, symbolizing life and death, and was a cornerstone of the Eleusinian mythology that preceded the Olympics. In Hinduism, the feminine dimension of divinity survived in the Vedic tradition under the name of Devi or Shakti in its many forms. Polytheistic Indo-European cultures absorbed many of the cults of femininity rooted in Europe since the Neolithic. This as happened with the Celtic goddess Danu, whose worship was widespread across most of Europe [3], or the goddess Freyja in Norse lands.

The sexual aspect of the mother goddess, was separated from the other dimensions of the goddess, and channeled to other cults that were becoming more limited and controlled, by virtue of sexual debauchery associated with them. For example, capitalized Aphrodite in Greece, like its counterpart in Rome Venus, the erotic aspect of the ancient rites, leaving other projections of the feminine to entities such as Hera, Artemis and Gaia.

Metaphysics and monotheism

radical and definitive change came with the advent of moral religions and monotheists. Semitic cultures have inherited an archaic system of taboos strictly ritualized than currently testifies Jewish Orthodoxy and Islam, and eventually strengthening the patriarchal figure as an archetype of the divine force that more structured but also polytheistic Indo-European faiths. Sexuality, once a fundamental part of the archaic rituals of fertility, became a utilitarian function, related to the control that produce natural instincts, therefore the blame, and later with sin. Metaphysical idealization of the human soul over the body, a conception that early Christianity was endorsed from the Neoplatonism dogmatized stressed and understanding of the flesh as a prison negligible, and the genitals as a stain, a stain.

Contempt body began to take effect with the emergence of philosophy and metaphysics. With the rise of trade and promoted after the contact between very different cultures together, the old ways of thinking were subjected to comparison and discussion. Along with the birth of Western philosophy, in many regions of the known world was evident the need for greater emphasis on belief systems ethical and moral aspects of human life. Karl Jaspers identifies this kind of shift of thought with a period of history he called the "Time-Axis", which occurred approximately between VII and V centuries BC So while Xenophanes criticized the anthropomorphism of the gods in Greece, and both Parmenides and Heraclitus gave start to the current ongoing discussion on the problem of Being, Palestinian Jewish religion took its final form. By then, more and more scarce traces of the mother goddess were in formal and popular religion. Female gender is a constant reminder of physicality to the point that hindered the thoughts of philosophers, religious leaders, as an annoying ground wire to be kept in the background, both in society and in the spiritual. It was.

Monotheism exclusivity required not only worship but also a new order that was to begin with loss of fertility cult. The female shaman or priestess, and rare species of Christianity, fell into the category of witch [4], a representative from what we have to fear, the mystery of evil, night and darkness paramount. However, eradicating the mother goddess of the collective unconscious, in terms of Jung, was a much more complicated than the simple and gruesome persecution of pagans and heretics. Christianity had to make some concessions for the sake of its distribution, so that you can see today in worship Catholic Mary, makeup reminiscent of a cult abandoned. Among other names, Jesus' mother Mary holds titles that suggest its insidious form of God, as the Regina Coeli or the Θεοτόκος [5]. The Queen of Heaven can be seen as the mother goddess who refused to disappear from the collective imagination, and was adapted to the new requirements of the imperial religion. Still, in the XXI century women remain barred from the priesthood in the Catholic Church.

The sacred feminine:
conclusions
In reviewing the evolution of beliefs over the centuries, it appears how we got to certain ways of thinking to make them compatible and consistent with an established social order. Today we take for granted that any doctrine can be questioned, and the power that one way or another relies on it for legitimacy. However, in ancient times, when primitive societies began to be structured as a hierarchy that is so familiar now, the fabric of the community should have its counterpart in the explanations were of reality, and this condition should be initiated at cost it was necessary. In recent millennia, but many gods were created and many others have been forgotten irreparable, it seems that the image of the Mother Goddess is still present. Without going any further, in the same Catholic faith, so widespread in the West, the image of the Virgin Mary seems to trigger in the believer a sense of closeness, traditional mediation with the divine, but as linked to a deep existential sense of protection that comes from a pervasive archetypal mother in the unconscious.

From a secular perspective, it should be understood that the sacred is not necessarily related to religion, ie not a monopoly of this way of seeing the world. On the other hand, religion does have an origin in the appearance of mystery for the recognition that human beings make the world, which is itself the source of the sacred. The experience of the sacred is a product of man's amazement at the spectacle which, to his understanding, is the universe he inhabits. When his song apocryphal Antonio Machado said that "women are the face of being. Without women there is no monster or know ', briefly told us that she has been and is the generative force of the human, representing the eternal search feature of our species. It is understandable that the human race has been identified in women is pervasive and constant generation of the cosmos: the feminine was a symbol and an embodiment of the sacred. If we assume that mythical thought responds to its own logic, the presence of women is natural, because it evokes the mystery of life even today, when we trust that science is key to many doors. The ability to wonder, however, is emotional rather than rational.




[1] Pronounced "dólñii viéstoñitse."
[2] Demeter in Roman mythology is identified with the goddess Ceres, goddess of fertility and primitive agriculture, whose name gave rise to the word cereal.
[3] Danu, Dana or Anann is a goddess whose origins can be traced even to the valley of the Indus in Asia, spread to Ireland, a region whose mythology considers the Tuatha Dé Danann, that is, children of Dana according to some sources, as one of the breeds from which invaded the island in former times. Dana is a word derived has proposed the names of rivers like the Danube, the Don, Dniester and Dnieper, located in areas of former Celtic Indo-European settlements.
[4] The Royal English Academy is a pre-Roman origin of the word witch, to consult that sense.
[5] The title of Theotokos, or "giving birth to God", or "to stop God" was discussed and adopted not without controversy at the Council of Ephesus held in 431, against Nestorianism .